A Study Provides Evidence to Guide the Practice of Blood Transfusions in Children with Severe Malaria

Blood transfusions increase the survival of children admitted to the hospital with complications by severe malaria, and could be beneficial even at higher haemoglobin levels than those currently recommended. These are the main findings of a study led by Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a centre supported by “la Caixa” Foundation, and published in The Lancet Haematology.

Mortality among children admitted to hospital with malaria is high, especially in cases with severe complications. Most of them die within the first 24 hours, which leaves a limited time-window to intervene. In addition to starting antiparasitic treatment, one of the most frequent interventions is performing a blood transfusion. The World Health Organisation recommends transfusing children with malaria when the haemoglobin levels are under 4og /litre, or 60g / litre in case of complications such as impaired consciousness or acidosis. Despite these recommendations, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding which patients may benefit – and which may be harmed – from blood transfusion.

In this study, the team led by ISGlobal researcher Climent Casals-Pascual analysed the association between blood transfusion and death in almost 26,000 patients from five different sub-Saharan countries, with the aim of identifying the optimal haemoglobin threshold for transfusing children with severe malaria. “The value of this study is that it includes countries where adherence to international guidelines varies, which allowed us to compare results across a wide range of haemoglobin values,” explains Casals-Pascual.

The data used for the study involved 25,893 patients under 15 years of age that were admitted to hospital with confirmed infection by P. falciparum between 2000 and 2005, in six hospital centres (in The Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, Gabon and Kenya) belonging to the SMAC (Severe Malaria in African Children) network. Thirty-three per cent of these patients (8,513) received a blood transfusion.

The results show that blood transfusion increased the survival of patients with severe disease. In cases with complications, such as impaired consciousness or elevated lactate in blood, transfusion improved survival even in children whose levels of haemoglobin were higher the recommended threshold of 60g /l. For example, among patients with impaired consciousness, the authors observed improved survival upon transfusion with haemoglobin levels as high as 105 g / l. However, in the case of mild cases, transfusion was associated with an increase in mortality.

“This study provides valuable evidence to guide blood transfusions in African children with severe malaria, and highlights the need to perform controlled clinical trials to establish higher thresholds for those cases with complications,” concludes Casals-Pascual.

Reference

Ackerman H, Ayestaran A, Olola CH, et al. The Association of Blood Transfusion with Outcome among African Children Hospitalized with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: A Prospective Multicentre. The Lancet Haematology.