Exposure to Air Pollution During Pregnancy May Increase Blood Pressure in Early Life

Exposure to an urban environment characterised by high levels ofair pollution and noise in areas with a high building density during the foetal period and in early childhood may contribute to higher blood pressure. This was the conclusion of a study led by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) published in Environment International. ISGlobal is an institution supported by the ”la Caixa” Foundation.

To study the impact of urban exposures on the cardiovascular health of children, the research team analysed data from4,279 children living in six European cities (Bradford in the United Kingdom, Poitiers and Nancy in France, Sabadell and Valencia in Spain, and Heraklion in Greece). All the children were participants in the European HELIX project.

The team assessed multiple aspects of the children’s environment: initially, during the prenatal period, the place of residence of the mothers during their pregnancy, and subsequently the homes of the children themselves. Factors studied included the built environment, natural spaces, traffic, air pollution, noise, climate and level of social and economic privation. Assessing the children’s blood pressure when they were between four and five years of age allowed them to study the long-term effect of the exposures analysed.

Analysis of the results showed that exposure to higher levels of air pollution, particularly during the first two terms of pregnancy, was associated with higher blood pressure in childhood. Specifically, a 9.1 μg/m³ increase in NO₂ was associated with a 0.9 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure. (A healthy diastolic blood pressure in children is around 50-80 mmHg) The limit value established by the World Health Organisation to protect the population from the damaging effects of NO₂ is 40 μg/m³, a threshold exceeded on a regular basis in cities like Barcelona and Madrid.

Furthermore, other characteristics of the urban environment during childhood also appear to be important. High building density is associated with higher blood pressure and good urban transport connectivity is linked to lower blood pressure . “It is possible that these associations reflect how people move around in the city and may indicate that greater connectivity promotes physical activity in the population” explains ISGlobal researcher Charline Warembourg, first author of the study. Exposure to noise also appears to be associated with higher blood pressure in children.

Based on their analysis of the results, the authors concluded that one in every five children lives in an urban environment characterised by levels of air pollution, noise, and building density that are associated with blood pressure values higher than those observed in children not exposed to these environmental factors .

The Role of Urbanisation in Cardiovascular Disease

High blood pressure is one of the chief risk factors for cardiovascular disease, a condition which is currently the leading cause of death worldwide. “Numerous studies have shown that children with higher blood pressure are more likely to develop hypertension later in life,” says Martine Vrijheid, study leader and director of ISGlobal’s Childhood and Environment Programme. “The results of this study show how important it is to identify environmental exposures that contribute to hypertension in early life, from conception onwards.”

Given the increasing urbanisation of the world’s population, the role that urban design and transport plays in health is a topic of growing concern. This study assessed, for the first time, the effects on the cardiovascular health of children of numerous exposures associated with the urban environment. “Our results show that, from conception onwards, the urban environment can affect blood pressure in preschool children” Warembourg points out. “ This means that a commitment to urban design and transport planning designed to reduce damaging environmental exposures has the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood”.

Reference

Charline Warembourg, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Ferran Ballester, Montserrat de Castro, Leda Chatzi, Ana Esplugues, Barbara Heude, Léa Maitre, Rosemary McEachan, Oliver Robinson, Rémy Slama, Jordi Sunyer, Jose Urquiza, John Wright, Xavier Basagana, Martine Vrijheid. Urban environment during early-life and blood pressure in young children . Environmental International, November 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106174